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The Interwar Period and the Shadow of Totalitarianism The early 20th century was defined by the aftermath of World War I (1914\u20131918), which set the stage for ideological upheaval. The 1920s saw fleeting economic prosperity, particularly in the West, but the 1929 stock market crash plunged the world into the Great Depression. Mass unemployment and social despair fueled the rise of authoritarian regimes: fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany, and militarism in Japan. These movements exploited nationalism and xenophobia, culminating in World War II (1939\u20131945), a conflict that claimed over 70 million lives and introduced horrors such as the Holocaust and atomic warfare. The war\u2019s end in 1945 left a fractured world, divided between two superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War and the Nuclear Age The Cold War (1947\u20131991) dominated the latter half of the 20th century, characterized by ideological rivalry, proxy wars, and an arms race. The threat of nuclear annihilation loomed large, epitomized by the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Simultaneously, the period saw unprecedented scientific progress. The Space Race, ignited by the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, culminated in the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing. Technological innovations like computers, antibiotics, and the internet emerged, laying the groundwork for modern life. However, the Cold War also entrenched global inequalities, as decolonization struggles in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East were often manipulated by superpowers seeking influence. Decolonization and the Redrawing of Nations Post-1945, European colonial empires collapsed under pressure from independence movements. India gained freedom in 1947, followed by waves of liberation across Africa and Southeast Asia. Yet decolonization was fraught with violence, as seen in the Algerian War (1954\u20131962) and the partition of India and Pakistan. Newly independent nations grappled with political instability, economic dependency, and Cold War interference. The Non-Aligned Movement sought to carve a middle path, but many countries fell into authoritarianism or civil conflict. By the century\u2019s end, the world map had been redrawn, with over 80 new sovereign states. Technological Revolution and Globalization The late 20th century witnessed a digital revolution. The invention of the microprocessor in 1971 sparked the rise of personal computing, while Tim Berners-Lee\u2019s World Wide Web (1989) transformed communication. By the 2000s, smartphones and social media redefined human interaction, creating interconnected yet fragmented societies. Globalization accelerated, driven by free trade agreements like NAFTA (1994) and the rise of multinational corporations. While this lifted millions out of poverty, it also exacerbated wealth gaps and environmental degradation. The 2008 financial crisis exposed the fragility of interconnected economies, triggering waves of populist backlash in the 2010s. Environmental Awakening and Climate Crisis The century\u2019s ecological footprint has been profound. Industrialization, deforestation, and fossil fuel consumption led to unprecedented CO2 levels. Rachel Carson\u2019s Silent Spring (1962) ignited environmental consciousness, culminating in global agreements like the Kyoto Protocol (1997) and Paris Accord (2015). Yet climate change intensified, with rising temperatures, extreme weather, and biodiversity loss. The 21st century faces a paradox: technological capacity to mitigate disaster, but political inertia to act collectively. Social Progress and Persistent Inequities Social movements reshaped norms. The civil rights movement in the 1960s challenged racial segregation, while feminism\u2019s "second wave" fought for gender equality. The LGBTQ+ rights movement achieved milestones, including marriage equality in many nations. However, systemic racism, gender violence, and economic disparity persist. The #MeToo movement and Black Lives Matter protests (2020s) highlight enduring struggles for justice. Meanwhile, migration crises\u2014from Syrian refugees to Central American caravans\u2014underscore global inequities. The 21st Century: Pandemics, Populism, and Digital Disruption The early 2000s began with the 9\/11 attacks (2001), triggering the "War on Terror" and reshaping global security. The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in healthcare systems and fueled misinformation epidemics. Authoritarian populism resurged, exemplified by Brexit (2016) and the Capitol riot (2021). Concurrently, AI and automation threaten labor markets, while quantum computing and CRISPR gene editing promise\u2014or perilously disrupt\u2014the future. Conclusion The last 100 years have been a testament to humanity\u2019s capacity for innovation and self-destruction. We eradicated smallpox, explored space, and connected billions, yet failed to resolve poverty, war, or climate collapse. As the 21st century unfolds, the lessons of this transformative era\u2014cooperation versus division, sustainability versus exploitation\u2014will determine whether the next century becomes a story of renewal or ruin. 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